The "street-level bureaucrats"—the people actually doing the work—have their own values and prejudices. If implementers disagree with the goals of a policy, they may exercise their discretion to delay, hinder, or subvert it. Edwards notes that:
The Statute of Labourers is a classic "failure" if you judge by compliance. Workers evaded, demanded cash under the table, and migrated. Peasant revolts (most famously in 1381) were fuelled in part by resentment of these labour laws. implementing public policy edward iii pdf
, who refined tax collection through the co-operation of the administration Economic Regulation : Study the Statute of Labourers (1351) Workers evaded, demanded cash under the table, and migrated
George C. Edwards III’s contribution to public policy reminds us that the "how" of government is just as important as the "what." Understanding the interplay of communication, resources, dispositions, and structure is essential for anyone looking to bridge the gap between a written law and a functional public service. Edwards III’s contribution to public policy reminds us
According to the Handbook of Public Policy Implementation , these four factors operate simultaneously and interact with one another: