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The PDF then applies this framework to a canon of classic problems: designing a URL shortener (like TinyURL), a social media news feed (Twitter or Instagram), a file storage system (Dropbox), or a messaging service (WhatsApp). For each, the guide offers diagrams, database schema suggestions, API endpoint examples, and discussions of trade-offs—for instance, why one might choose a NoSQL database for high-throughput writes over an ACID-compliant SQL database for consistency. This collection transforms abstract principles (sharding, caching, load balancing, consensus algorithms) into concrete, reusable patterns.

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: Perform "back-of-the-envelope" calculations to estimate traffic, storage needs, and bandwidth. This helps determine the load balancing and data partitioning strategies needed. The PDF then applies this framework to a