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Regan argued that animals are "subjects-of-a-life." They have beliefs, desires, memory, and a sense of the future. Therefore, they possess inherent value, and it is a direct moral wrong to treat them as resources for human ends.

The foundational text of the modern animal rights movement is Australian philosopher Peter Singer’s Animal Liberation (1975), though Singer is technically a preference utilitarian. The more purely deontological (duty-based) rights view is articulated by Tom Regan in The Case for Animal Rights (1983). Regan argued that animals are “subjects-of-a-life”—they have beliefs, desires, memory, a sense of the future, and an emotional life. Because they have inherent value, they possess basic moral rights, most notably the right not to be treated as property. Regan argued that animals are "subjects-of-a-life

: Adopt from shelters, choose cruelty-free products , and opt for plant-based or higher welfare food options. The more purely deontological (duty-based) rights view is

Welfare makes suffering more efficient ; it does not question the underlying property status of the animal. : Adopt from shelters, choose cruelty-free products ,