Tom Regan’s The Case for Animal Rights (1983) offered a deontological counterpoint. Regan argued that certain animals (mammals over one year of age) are “subjects-of-a-life” with inherent value. Just as humans cannot be used as mere means to an end, neither can animals. Therefore, all forms of animal exploitation—including pain-free farming or research—are morally impermissible and must be abolished.
of animals while they are being used by humans. It posits that it is morally acceptable for humans to use animals for food, research, and labor as long as their physical and mental suffering is minimized. This approach is often based on science and measurable well-being. Animal Rights : Advocates for the intrinsic worth Tom Regan’s The Case for Animal Rights (1983)
Whether you align more with welfare or rights, there are actionable steps to help animals: This approach is often based on science and